Primary Health Care in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Primary Health Care in India - Essay Example The public health care infrastructure though is large it is not sufficient when compared to per capita number of physicians and beds for the population. Even the rate of outpatient visits to the government hospitals is poor due to lack of sufficient care. As the decentralization of state authority varies widely between states, the large cities only have significant financial authority. The lack of authority of local bodies on public health care systems as well as government hospitals resulted in failure of prevention of number of diseases and the people are ignorant even about prevailing diseases. According to World Bank reports in 1995, 1996, 1997b, 2000c, the high levels of poverty also exacerbated the poor health conditions as poor governance resulted in weak public health care infrastructure. Hence, public health care inefficiency as well as poverty and ignorance contributed to problems in India (Peters, David H. (Author), 2002). 1 The important section of population in India that bears the burden of disease is poor and marginalized income people as well as the rural people, as they are not able to bear the cost of health care in private sector. Hence, they are forced to go to public health care systems that are not efficient in curing them and thus bore the burden of the disease. According Agnihotram V. et al (2004), the disease burden of rural Indian women, suffering with asthma and bronchitis that may lead to prematurity and heart attacks. In addition to that the lack of health infrastructure in Indian rural areas is resulting in maternal deaths concentrated in the age group of 20-24 years. It has been observed that the bleeding is main cause for maternal deaths and they occur more in rural areas and in the case of poor people. The diseases that exert significant burden on rural and poor people are tuberculosis, malaria and burns are important causes of death in reproductive ages. However, the rate of suici de and burn as well as anemia diminishes with age and hence it can be concluded more accurately that the burden of disease is more in case of young poor rural people mostly women in the above mentioned contexts. The nationwide health plans in India are not sufficient to prevent the deaths and burden of the disease to maximum extent (V Agnihotram, 2004). 2 Epidemiological Causes for Diseases Among Rural Poor and Women In addition to that the nation's public health care is not sufficient to avoid the epidemiological causes for diseases in India. The disease causing burden can be attributed to highest exposures of household roles that affect the children and women as well. As the public health care system is not enough equipped to avoid the above-mentioned exposure, the demographical conditions also play a role in increasing the burden of TB, asthma and blindness thus decreasing the

Choice & Manipulation PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choice & Manipulation - PowerPoint Presentation Example v. Kelly Ayotte, Attorney General of New Hampshire was an important case that decided on the right of the information providers to sell the data related to the prescribing practices of doctors to pharmaceutical companies (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010). The pharmaceutical companies used this information to streamline their detailing strategies, which were already under shadow owing to some questionable practices. The law under question was based on the reason that the pharmaceutical companies used the prescriber specific data to invade doctor privacy and to promote the sale of branded preparations, which augmented the overall cost of providing health facilities to the people (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010, p. 235). The court subscribed to the Central Hudson line of analysis to gauge the constitutionality of this law. Though, the court agreed with the AG’s premise that the restraining of health costs as envisaged by this law was a valid state interest, it felt that this in no way authentic ally proved that the patented drugs caused more harm as compared to generic salts or in any way interfered with the goal of promoting public health (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010). Besides, the court also concluded that the state could resort to many other institutional measures to counter balance the impact of detailing and did not need to restrain pharmaceutical companies from accessing information that they could use to make their marketing strategies more sophisticated (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010, p. 237). Hornell Brewing Company v. State was another important case that delved on the legality and ethics of advertising. Hornell named one of its products, Crazy Horse, which happened to be the name of an esteemed Native American leader (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010, p. 239). The state banned Hornell from...   Ã‚   The law under question was based on the reason that the pharmaceutical companies used the prescriber specific data to invade doctor privacy and to promote the sale of branded preparations, which augmented the overall cost of providing health facilities to the people (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010, p. 235). The court subscribed to the Central Hudson line of analysis to gauge the constitutionality of this law. Though, the court agreed with the AG’s premise that the restraining of health costs as envisaged by this law was a valid state interest, it felt that this in no way authentically proved that the patented drugs caused more harm as compared to generic salts or in any way interfered with the goal of promoting public health (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010). Besides, the court also concluded that the state could resort to many other institutional measures to counter balance the impact of detailing and did not need to restrain pharmaceutical companies from accessing information that they could use to make their marketing strategies more sophisticated (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010, p. 237).  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hornell Brewing Company v. State was another important case that delved on the legality and ethics of advertising. Hornell named one of its products, Crazy Horse, which happened to be the name of an esteemed Native American leader (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010, p. 239). The state banned Hornell from using this name, holding that it hurt the Native American sentiments and made this community more vulnerable to alcoholism (Halbert & Ingulli, 2010, p. 239).

Nora in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay Example for Free

Nora in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay Throughout history, the role of gender equality has been viewed with varying degrees of importance by societies. People are quick to identify and label a rebel as the one who goes against all the moral convictions and different normalities of each society. The definition of rebel is listed as someone or something that resists any authority or control. In the context of society, the control which is resisted by the rebel can be no other than the stereotypes of that particular society, a feature which can be directly linked to the oppression of women and their desires and aspirations under standardised conditions and circumstances. Can the rebellious attitudes of women be condemned, ignoring the discontent of these women? Also, should their happiness become repressed, giving way to self-sacrifice and the forfeiting of their desires? It is these issues which Medea and Nora are faced with, and in each case we can see that their decision to go against the stereotypes of the eras are perhaps indicative of the predominance of their own desires and dreams over the notion of self-sacrifice. Thus we can see that both Medea and Nora can be characterised as rebels against the societies they live in. To begin with, Nora has fit into her society quite appropriately. She has married Torvald Helmer, and has three small children. She fulfills her duties as mother and wife with no apparent constraints from happiness. She does indeed thrive on keeping her home as best she can with the limited money she has at her disposal. One example of this is where she has bought Christmas presents for Torvald, all of her children, and even the maids; however she buys nothing for herself. 1 She endures Torvalds condescending stance towards her, and does not retaliate when he criticizes both her and her father by saying that Nora is just like your father always on the look-out for all the money you can get, but the moment you have it, it seems to slip through your fingers 2 The impression we are left with after these first pages is that of Nora being extremely nai ve, and having to be put in her place by Helmer, who does so almost instinctively.

The End of Intel: the Beginning of the Computer :: Computer Computers Essays

The End of Intel: the Beginning of the Computer For over thirty years, since the beginning of the computing age, the Gordon Moore's equation for the number of chip transistors doubling every eighteen months has been true (Leyden). However, this equation by its very nature cannot continue on infinitely. Although the size of the transistor has drastically decreased in the past fifty years, it cannot get too much smaller, therefore a computer cannot get much faster. The limits of transistor are becoming more and more apparent within the processor speed of Intel and AMD silicon chips (Moore's Law). One reason that chip speeds now are slower than possible is because of the internal-clock of the computer. The clock organizes all of the operation processing and the memory speeds so the information ends at the same time or the processor completes its task uniformly. The faster a chip can go (Mhz) requires that this clock tick ever and ever faster. With a 1.0 Ghz chip, the clock ticks a billion times a second (Ball). This becomes wasted en ergy and the internal clock limits the processor. These two problems in modern computing will lead to the eventual disproving of Moore's Law. But are there any new areas of chip design engineering beside the normal silicon chip. In fact, two such designs that could revolutionize the computer industry are multi-threading (Copeland) and asynchronous chip design (Old Tricks). The modern silicon processor cannot keep up with the demands that are placed on it today. With the limit of transistor size approaching as well the clock speed bottleneck increasing, these two new chip designs could completely scrap the old computer industry and recreate it completely new. The number of transistors for a Pentium 4 processor is about 42,000,000 transistors per chip, and that was beginning in the year 2000 (Moore's Law). Should Moore's Law continue, the number of transistors on a microprocessor would be approaching 1 billion. Skeptics inquire, "Just how is this possible," presenting a valid point. Transistors work by being on or off and consequentially creating a zero or one in mathematical lines of code when electricity is sent to them. There is a gap of electrical insulation that separates the source, the direction from which the charge is coming, and the drain, the direction the charge should empty into or not, depending if the transistor is on or off. If the transistor gets much smaller it will be made up of only a few molecules and atoms, far to small to effectively conduct electricity or light.

African Diageo

As it has been said before, one of the key growth drivers for Adagio is innovation. The company, Adagio, has understood how to create new products. They take the insight they receive from the consumers and they turn them around into a product that appeals them. A good example of how they did this is the product Snap that is designed specifically for women. Since the role of African women is changing in the society, they created a product that appeals them. The women can also identify themselves with the product, as a sophisticated and independent woman.It's a sparkling apple flavored premium drink, which in the advertisement, is served in a champagne glass. The product differentiates itself from other products that are towards women. The taste and design is also adapted to their culture. The product was new to the world, when it comes to design, the liquid product, materials and ingredients. It is something the African women desired. A major advantage they had, when innovating this p roduct was that they had conducted market research to develop insight on modern African female consumers and the role that alcohol plays in their lives.Their R team made Hereford a specific product that is relevant to African female consumer. With the help of R they made a innovation that maintained the customers focus. This is really important in terms of finding a strategy' for the product. However, what makes the R&D so successful is the communication they have internally. They report to local businesses directly in order to ensure alignment they have with strategy, market and consumer. Another successful innovation that Adagio created was Rut Extra. It was a â€Å"clear bee† which targets the value consumer.The beer was a Ghanaian beer made from Ghanaian cassava and therefore, it engaged community leaders, which in return engaged the community and it made the community wanting to buy the product. The product was placed strategically in cultural festivals, which could incr ease brand awareness and find the right consumers for it. To develop their product strategy Adagio has, in addition to R&D and communication, carefully used other tools for the best result, such as collaborations and cost structures. Both of these are really important.The elaboration with regional and country teams plays an important role in centralization. By collaborating they could integrate different functions and desires that was necessary to make the product a success. Another reason why both of these products have been successful is the cost structure Adagio have. Adagio has collaborations with local farmers and suppliers, therefore allowing them to lower their cost. As a result of the cost structure they are able to have bigger quantity than their competitions, which give the consumer more value for the price.

Non Perfoming Loans in Commercial Banks in Zimbabwe Is Now a Cause of Concern as It Is Threatening the Survival of Banks Bit by Bit

Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(6): 882-886  © Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2012 (ISSN: 2141-7024 jetems. scholarlinkresearch. org Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(6):882-886 (ISSN:2141-7024) Journal of Emerging Trends in Insights on Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from Zimbabwean Commercial Banks in a Dollarised Environment (2009-2012) 1 Laurine Chikoko, 2Tendekayi Mutambanadzo and 3Takaiona Vhimisai 1 Department of Banking and Finance, Midlands State University, P Bag 9055, Senga, Gweru. Department of Banking, National University of Science and Technology P O Box AC939, Ascot Bulawayo. 3 Department of Banking, National University of Science and Technology P O Box AC939, Ascot Bulawayo. Corresponding Author: Laurine Chikoko ___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract This study was prompted by the gradual deterioration in asset quality in most commercial banks in Zimbabwe aft er the adoption of the multiple currency exchange rate regime. The poor asset qualities were reflected by the non-performing loans trending towards the watch list category.In this regard we investigated the commercial bank credit process with the objective of understanding the fundamental causes of the impaired assets that are bedeviling the Zimbabwean banking sector so that some of the mistakes are not repeated and correctional measures are put in place. The methodology adopted a survey research design with use of questionnaires and interviews with commercial banks head credit risk, head retail and head corporate banking division from 15 registered commercial banks in Zimbabwe.Research findings show that some banks were sitting on nonperforming loans due to poor credit analysis processes; wrong products offered to the clients; lending based on balance sheet strength instead of cash flow based lending; banks taking too much comfort in security; information asymmetry leading to moral hazard; economic environment and political influence. Key recommendations include an urgent setting up of the Credit Bureau; banks should not adjust clients request and the need for banks to consider the economic environment and adjust their credit culture.The central bank needs to tighten its supervisory role and ensure prudential guidelines are not violated. _________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: credit analysis, loan products, non-performing loans, Zimbabwean commercial banks, dollarised environment. __________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION the watch list category. The implication is that Zimbabwe adopted a multiple currency regime in borrowers were struggling to repay loans leading to 2009.A multiple currency system allowed trade to be the problem of banks sitting on non-performing conducted using major trading currencies, for loans. example, the United St ates Dollar (USD), Pound Sterling, South African Rand, and the Botswana Pula. Each non-performing loan in the financial sector is After the adoption of the multiple currency system, viewed as an obverse mirror image of an ailing the banking sector experienced marked unprofitable enterprise.From this point of view, the improvements in the intermediary role which resulted eradication of non-performing loans is a necessary in improved financial support to the key productive condition to improve the economic status of the sectors of the economy (Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe financial institution. Continuously rolling over non(RBZ), 2010). A research conducted by the performing loans locks up resources that could International Monetary Fund in 2010, indicated that otherwise be invested to profitable sectors of the the profitability of banks had improved following a economy.Intuitively this hinders economic growth more favourable economic environment during the and impairs economic efficiency . Consequently this new regime. While officially reported, aggregate study seeks to provide insights on Zimbabwean banking soundness indicators do not raise major red commercial banks non-performing loans. The flags, they mask vulnerabilities specific to a fully ultimate objective is to draw lessons from dollarised banking system experiencing rapid credit commercial banks lending in Zimbabwe during the growth, as well as a significant variation in prudential multiple currency regime.The paper is organised as indicators across individual banks. The Reserve Bank follows. In the second section, we present brief of Zimbabwe (2012) also noted that there has been review of literature. In the third section we present gradual deterioration in asset quality as reflected by the research methodology; in the fourth section a the level of non-performing loans trending towards 882 Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(6):882-886 (ISSN:2141-7024) discussion of the findings.Finally we present conclusions and recommendations. LITERATURE REVIEW A non-performing loan is an advance by a financial institution that is not earning income and full payment of principal. As such interest is no longer anticipated (Van Greuning, & Bratavonic, 2003). There is no global standard to define non-performing loans at the practical level. Variations exist in terms of the classification system, the scope, and contents. This pitfall potentially adds to disorder and uncertainty in the non-performing loans subject.For instance, as described by Park (2003), during the 1990s, there were three different methods of defining non-performing loans: the 1993 method based on banking laws; the â€Å"Bank’s Self-Valuation† in March 1996; and the â€Å"Financial Revival Laws-Based Debt Disclosure† in 1999. These measurements have gradually broadened the scope and scale of the riskmanagement method in the banking industry. The literature that examines non -performing loans has increased as more researchers attempt to understand the major factors that cause financial instability.This trend has arisen due to the role played by impaired assets in financial instability as evidenced by the strong association between nonperforming loans and banking crises. In most of the economies that collapsed, credit risk preceded financial crises. Khemraj (2005) revealed that the banking crises in East Asia and Sub-Saharan African countries were preceded by high non-performing loans. This stimulated research in trying to establish the causes of non-performing loans in banks.Caprio (1998) had earlier presented stylised evidence and found that inadequate regulation and lack of supervision at the time of the liberalisation could play a key role in explaining why deregulation and banking crises were so closely entwined. The analysis of Kaminsky and Reinhart (1999) provides interesting insights on the links between financial crises with financial liberalisa tion. The study found that the proxy variable for financial liberalisation which was the growth in domestic credit as a ratio of output, accelerated greatly as the crises emerged.Earliest studies to examine the causes of loan losses were by Keeton and Morris (1987). The study showed that local economic conditions along with the poor performance of certain sectors explain the variation in loan losses recorded by the banks. The study also reports that commercial banks with greater risk appetite tend to record higher losses. Garey (1991), also concur with the early studies of Keeton and Morris. Garey (1991) found that loan lossexperience of large commercial banks in the US was influenced by both internal and external factors.This study found a significant positive relationship between the loan-loss rate and internal factors such as 883 high interest rates, excessive lending, and volatile funds. Non-performing loans were influenced by gross domestic product growth, high real interest ra tes, lenient credit terms and excessive lending by commercial banks (Goacher, 2002; Howells and Bain, 2002; Heffernan, 2005; Freixas, 2007 and Machiranju 2008). Despite the abundant literature on non-performing loans, to the researchers’ knowledge, no study has been done on causes of non-performing loans on Zimbabwean commercial banks after dollarisation in 2009.METHODOLOGY A survey research design was used in this study. The survey allowed the collection of large amount of data in an economical way (Saunders et al, 2003). Data obtained through use of questionnaires was standard which allowed easy comparison. The limitation to the survey strategy was the fact that data collected may not be as wide-ranging as those collected by other research strategies. There is a limit as to the number of questions that any questionnaire can contain if the goodwill of the respondent is not to be presumed on too much. To mitigate this weakness, personal interviews were used in the survey stra tegy.Data was collected from 15 registered commercial banks in Zimbabwe. The key informants were departmental heads of credit risk, retail and corporate banking divisions. In addition account relationship managers were randomly selected in the survey. The study was carried out in Harare mainly because that is where all commercial banks are headquartered. Data from the survey was analysed using STATA version 11. Tabulations were used to show percentages and frequencies of respondents in each response category, with cross-tabulation tables showing percentages and frequencies between two given categories.Crosstabulations were computed together with correlation test between two variables by using Pearson chisquare. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The issue of non-performing loans is a sensitive and confidential issue since it has a bearing on bank performance and reputation. To this end, we had challenges in getting a detailed account from some of the respondents. However, to overcome this we h ad to interview many respondents from the same institution in order to fill in the missing details. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS On average the banks were in business for thirty seven years but varied from five up to one hundred and eighteen years.Table 1 summarises the ages of the fifteen commercial banks. Table 1: Tabulated Zimbabwe Commercial Banks Years in Business Variable Years in business Observation 15 Mean 37. 5333 Std Dev 40. 2347 Min 5 Max 118 Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(6):882-886 (ISSN:2141-7024) From the survey, age had nothing to do with the problem of non-performing loans as reflected by a? statistic of 5. 86 (P=0. 210). Of the banks surveyed, 20% were internationally owned banks and 80% were locally owned banks.It was evident from the survey that locally owned banks had the problems of non-performing loans while internationally owned banks did not have problems of non-performing loans. This was shown by the observed differences i n ownership and non-performing loans which were statistically significant as shown by the of 17. 26 (P

The Life of Hermann Oberth, German Rocket Theorist

The Life of Hermann Oberth, German Rocket Theorist Hermann Oberth (June 25, 1894, died December 29, 1989) was one of the foremost rocket theorists of the 20th century, responsible for the theories that govern the rockets that loft payloads and people  to space. He was a visionary scientist inspired by science fiction. Oberth left a mixed legacy due to his involvement in the development of V-2 rockets for Nazi Germany, which killed several thousand in Great Britain during World War II. However, in later life, Oberth helped to develop rockets for the U.S. army, and his work contributed to the development of the U.S. space program. Early Life Hermann Oberth was born on June 25, 1894 in the small town of Hermannstadt, Austria-Hungary (today Sibiu, Romania). At a young age, Oberth came down with scarlet fever, and spent part of his childhood recovering in Italy. During the long days of recuperation, he read the work of Jules Verne, an experience that developed his love of science fiction novels. His  fascination with rockets and spaceflight led him, at the age of 14, to begin thinking about the idea of liquid-fueled rockets and how they could work to propel materials to space. Early Theories When he turned 18, Oberth  began his college studies at the University of Munich. At his fathers urging, he studied medicine instead of rockets. His academic work was interrupted by the onset of World War I, during which he  served as a wartime medic. After the war, Oberth studied physics and pursued his interest in rockets and propulsion systems largely on his own. During this period, he realized that rockets intended to reach space would need to be staged; that is, they would need a first stage to lift off from Earth, and at least one or two other stages to loft payloads into orbit or out to the Moon and beyond. In 1922, Oberth submitted his theories about rocket propulsion and motions as a Ph.D. thesis, but his theories were rejected as pure fantasy. Undaunted, Oberth published his thesis as a book called Die Rakete zu den Planetraà ¼men (By Rocket into Planetary Space) in 1929. He patented his rocket designs and launched his first rocket two years later, with the assistance of a young Wernher von Braun. Oberths work inspired the formation of an amateur rocketry group  called Verein fà ¼r Raumschiffart, for which he served as an informal advisor. He also taught physics and math at a local high school and became  one of the first scientific advisors to a movie producer, working with Fritz Lang on the film Frau im Mond in 1929.   World War II Contributions In the years between the two world wars, Oberth pursued his rocketry designs and made contact with two other giants in the field: Robert H. Goddard and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. In 1938, he became a faculty member at the Technical University of Vienna, then became a German citizen and went  to work at Peenemà ¼nde, Germany. He worked with Wernher von Braun to develop the V-2 rocket for Nazi Germany, a powerful rocket that ultimately killed 3,500 people in Great Britain during World War II. Oberth  worked on both liquid- and solid-fueled rockets. He moved to Italy in 1950 in order to work on designs for the Italian navy. In 1955, he arrived in the United States, where he worked on a team designing and building space-bound rockets for the U.S. Army. Later Life and Legacy Hermann Oberth eventually retired and returned to Germany in 1958, where he spent the rest of his life pursuing  theoretical work in science as well as philosophy and political theory. He returned to the United States to witness the launch of  Apollo 11  for the first Moon landing, and then later for the launch of Challenger on STS-61A in 1985. Oberth died on December 29, 1989, in Nà ¼rnberg, Germany. Oberths early insight into how rocket engines propel materials to space inspired rocket scientists to name the Oberth effect after him. The Oberth effect refers to the fact that rockets traveling at high speeds generate more useful energy than rockets moving at lower velocities. Thanks to his great interest in rockets, inspired by Jules Verne, Oberth went on to imagine a number of very plausible futuristic space flight ideas. He wrote a book called ​The Moon Car, which detailed a way to travel to the Moon. He also suggested ideas for future space stations and a telescope orbiting the planet. Today, the International Space Station and the Hubble Space Telescope (among others) are fulfillments of Oberths almost-prophetic flights of scientific imagination. Hermann  Oberth Fast Facts Full Name:  Hermann Julius OberthBorn: June 25, 1894 in Hermannstadt, Austria-HungaryDied:  December 29, 1989 in Nuremberg, Germany.Known For: Rocket theorist who developed V-2 rockets for Nazi Germany and later contributed to the U.S. space program.Spouses Name: Mathilde HummelChildren: Four Sources Dunbar, Brian. â€Å"Hermann Oberth.†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, 5 June 2013, www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/rocketry/home/hermann-oberth.html.Redd, Nola Taylor. â€Å"Hermann Oberth: German Father of Rocketry.†Ã‚  Space.com, Space.com, 5 Mar. 2013, www.space.com/20063-hermann-oberth.html.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Hermann Oberth.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 19 Apr. 2017, www.britannica.com/biography/Hermann-Julius-Oberth.​